5 V, 0.8 mA PROFIBUS
RS-485 Transceiver
ADM1486
Rev. A
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any
infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use.
Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication
or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781.329.4700 www.analog.com
Fax: 781.461.3113 © 2005 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
FEATURES
Meets and exceeds EIA RS-485 and EIA RS-422 standards
30 Mbps data rate
Recommended for PROFIBUS applications
2.1 V minimum differential output with 54 Ω termination
Low power 0.8 mA ICC
Thermal shutdown and short-circuit protection
0.5 ns skew driver and receiver
Driver propagation delay: 11 ns
Receiver propagation delay: 12 ns
High impedance outputs with drivers disabled or power off
Superior upgrade for SN65ALS1176
Available in standard 8-lead SOIC package
APPLICATIONS
Industrial field equipment
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The ADM1486 is a differential line transceiver suitable for high
speed bidirectional data communication on multipoint bus
transmission lines. It is designed for balanced data transmission,
complies with EIA Standards RS-485 and RS-422, and is recom-
mended for PROFIBUS applications. The part contains a
differential line driver and a differential line receiver. Both the
driver and the receiver may be enabled independently. When
disabled or powered down, the driver outputs are high impedance.
The ADM1486 operates from a single 5 V power supply.
Excessive power dissipation caused by bus contention or output
shorting is prevented by short-circuit protection and thermal
circuitry. Short-circuit protection circuits limit the maximum
output current to ±200 mA during fault conditions. A thermal
shutdown circuit senses if the die temperature rises above
150°C and forces the driver outputs into a high impedance state
under this condition.
Up to 50 transceivers may be connected simultaneously on a
bus, but only one driver should be enabled at a time. Therefore,
it is important that the remaining disabled drivers do not load
the bus.
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
ADM1486
R
D
RO
RE
DE
DI
V
CC
B
A
GND
8
5
6
7
1
4
3
2
02603-001
Figure 1.
To ensure this, the ADM1486 driver features high output
impedance when disabled and when powered down. This
minimizes the loading effect when the transceiver is not being
used. The high impedance driver output is maintained over the
entire common-mode voltage range from −7 V to +12 V.
The receiver contains a fail-safe feature that results in a logic
high output state if the inputs are unconnected (floating).
The ADM1486 is fabricated on BiCMOS, an advanced mixed
technology process combining low power CMOS with fast
switching bipolar technology. All inputs and outputs contain
protection against ESD; all driver outputs feature high source
and sink current capability. An epitaxial layer is used to guard
against latch-up.
The ADM1486 features extremely fast and closely matched
switching, enable, and disable times. Minimal driver propaga-
tion delays permit transmission at data rates up to 30 Mbps
while low skew minimizes EMI interference.
The part is fully specified over the commercial and industrial
temperature range and is available in an 8-lead SOIC package.
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 2 of 16
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Specifications..................................................................................... 3
Timing Specifications....................................................................... 4
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 5
ESD Caution.................................................................................. 5
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions............................. 6
Test Circuits ....................................................................................... 7
Switching Characteristics ................................................................ 8
Typical Performance Characteristics ............................................. 9
Applications Information.............................................................. 13
Differential Data Transmission ................................................ 13
Cable and Data Rate................................................................... 13
Thermal Shutdown .................................................................... 13
Propagation Delay...................................................................... 13
Receiver Open-Circuit Fail-Safe............................................... 13
Outline Dimensions....................................................................... 15
Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 15
REVISION HISTORY
3/05—Rev. 0 to Rev. A
Updated Format..................................................................Universal
Added PROFIBUS Logo .................................................................. 1
Updated Outline Dimensions....................................................... 15
Changes to Ordering Guide .......................................................... 15
11/02—Revision 0: Initial Version
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 3 of 16
SPECIFICATIONS
VCC = 5 V ±5%. All specifications TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted.
Table 1.
Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Test Conditions/Comments
DRIVER
Differential Output Voltage, VOD 5.0 V R = Infinity, see Figure 3
2.1 5.0 V VCC = 5 V, R = 50 Ω (RS-422), see Figure 3
2.1 5.0 V R = 27 Ω (RS-485), see Figure 3
VOD3 2.1 5.0 V VTST = −7 V to +12 V, see Figure 4
∆| VOD | for Complementary Output States 0.2 V R = 27 Ω or 50 Ω, see Figure 3
Common-Mode Output Voltage VOC 3.0 V R = 27 Ω or 50 Ω, see Figure 3
∆| VOC | for Complementary Output States 0.2 V R = 27 Ω or 50 Ω
Output Short-Circuit Current (VOUT = High) 60 200 mA −7 V ≤ VO ≤ +12 V
Output Short-Circuit Current (VOUT = Low) 60 200 mA −7 V ≤ VO ≤ +12 V
CMOS Input Logic Threshold Low, VINL 0.8 V
CMOS Input Logic Threshold High, VINH 2.0 V
Logic Input Current (DE, DI) ±1.0 µA
RECEIVER
Differential Input Threshold Voltage, VTH −0.2 +0.2 V −7 V ≤ VCM ≤ +12 V
Input Voltage Hysteresis, ∆VTH 70 mV VCM = 0 V
Input Resistance 20 30 kΩ −7 V ≤ VCM ≤ +12 V
Input Current (A, B) 0.6 mA VIN = +12 V
−0.35 mA VIN = −7 V
Logic Enable Input Current (RE) ±1.0 µA
CMOS Output Voltage Low, VOL 0.4 V IOUT = +4.0 mA
CMOS Output Voltage High, VOH 4.0 V IOUT = −4.0 mA
Short-Circuit Output Current 7 85 mA VOUT = GND or VCC
Three-State Output Leakage Current ±1.0 µA 0.4 V ≤ VOUT ≤ 2.4 V
POWER SUPPLY CURRENT
ICC (Outputs Enabled) 1.2 2.0 mA Outputs unloaded, digital inputs = GND or VCC
ICC (Outputs Disabled) 0.8 1.5 mA Outputs unloaded, digital inputs = GND or VCC
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 4 of 16
TIMING SPECIFICATIONS
VCC = 5 V ±5%. All specifications TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted.
Table 2.
Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Test Conditions/Comments
DRIVER
Propagation Delay Input to Output tPLH, tPHL 4 11 17 ns RLDIFF = 54 Ω, CL1 = CL2 = 100 pF, see Figure 5
11 13 ns RLDIFF = 54 Ω, CL1 = CL2 = 100 pF @ TA = 25°C
Driver O/P to O/P tSKEW 0.5 2 ns RLDIFF = 54 Ω, CL1 = CL2 = 100 pF, see Figure 51
Driver Rise/Fall Time tR, tF 8 15 ns RLDIFF = 54 Ω, CL1 = CL2 = 100 pF, see Figure 5
Driver Enable to Output Valid tZH, tZL 9 15 ns RL = 110 Ω, CL = 50 pF, see Figure 6
Driver Disable Timing tHZ, tLZ 9 15 ns RL = 110 Ω, CL = 50 pF, see Figure 6
Matched Enable Switching
| tAZH − tBZL |, | tBZH − tAZL | 1 3 ns RL = 110 Ω, CL = 50 pF, see Figure 6
Matched Disable Switching
| tAHZ − tBLZ |, | tBHZ − tALZ | 2 5 ns RL = 110 Ω, CL = 50 pF, see Figure 6
RECEIVER
Propagation Delay Input to Output tPLH, tPHL 6 12 20 ns CL = 15 pF, see Figure 7
Skew | tPLH − tPHL | 0.4 2 ns CL = 15 pF1, see Figure 7
Receiver Enable tZH, tZL 7 13 ns CL = 15 pF, RL = 1 kΩ, see Figure 8
Receiver Disable tHZ, tLZ 7 13 ns CL = 15 pF, RL = 1 kΩ, see Figure 8
1 Guaranteed by characterization.
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 5 of 16
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
Table 3.
Parameter Rating
VCC 7 V
Inputs
Driver Input (DI) −0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V
Control Inputs (DE, RE) −0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V
Receiver Inputs (A, B) −9 V to +14 V
Outputs
Driver Outputs −9 V to +14 V
Receiver Outputs −0.5 V to VCC + 0.5 V
Power Dissipation 8-Lead SOIC 450 mW
θJA, Thermal Impedance 170°C/W
Operating Temperature Range
Industrial (A Version) −40°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature Range −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) 300°C
Vapor Phase (60 sec) 215°C
Infrared (15 sec) 220°C
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods of time may
affect device reliability.
ESD CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on
the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although this product features
proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy
electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance
degradation or loss of functionality.
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 6 of 16
PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
RO
1
RE
2
DE
3
DI
4
V
CC
8
B
7
A
6
GND
5
ADM1486
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
02603-002
Figure 2. Pin Configuration
Table 4. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin No. Mnemonic Description
1 RO Receiver Output. When enabled, if A > B by 200 mV, RO = high. If A < B by 200 mV, RO = low.
2 RE Receiver Output Enable. A low level enables the receiver output, RO. A high level places it in a high impedance
state.
3 DE Driver Output Enable. A high level enables the driver differential outputs, A and B. A low level places it in a high
impedance state.
4 DI Driver Input. When the driver is enabled, a logic low on DI forces A low and B high, while a logic high on DI forces
A high and B low.
5 GND Ground Connection, 0 V.
6 A Noninverting Receiver Input A/Driver Output A.
7 B Inverting Receiver Input B/Driver Output B.
8 VCC Power Supply, 5 V ±5%.
Table 5. Transmitting
DE Input DI Input B Output A Output
1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
0 X Z Z
Table 6. Receiving
RE A–B Input RO Output
0 ≥ +0.2 V 1
0 ≤ −0.2 V 0
0 Inputs open 1
1 X Z
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 7 of 16
TEST CIRCUITS
02603-003
V
OC
R
R
A
B
V
OD
Figure 3. Driver Voltage Measurement
02603-004
60
V
OD3
375
375
V
TST
A
B
Figure 4. Driver Voltage Measurement
02603-005
C
L2
C
L1
R
LDIFF
A
B
Figure 5. Driver Propagation Delay
02603-006
V
CC
R
L
S2
V
OUT
C
L
S1
B
A
0
VOR3V
DE IN
DE
Figure 6. Driver Enable/Disable
02603-07
C
L
V
OUT
RE
A
B
Figure 7. Receiver Propagation Delay
02603-008
VCC
S2
VOUT
RL
CL
+1.5V
–1.5V
S1
RE
RE IN
Figure 8. Receiver Enable/Disable
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 8 of 16
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS
02603-009
t
PHL
t
PLH
3V
0V
VO
B
A
VO
0V
VO
1.5V 1.5V
t
F
t
R
10% POINT 10% POINT
90% POINT 90% POINT
1/2VO
t
SKEW
= |t
PLH
– t
PHL
|
Figure 9. Driver Propagation Delay, Rise/Fall Timing
02603-010
tLZ
tZL
tHZ
tZH
VOH –0.5V
VOL +0.5V
A, B
A, B
DE
3V
0V
1.5V
1.5V
2.3V
2.3V
VOL
VOH
0V
Figure 10. Driver Enable/Disable Timing
02603-011
A–B
RO
0V 0V
1.5V 1.5V
t
PLH
t
SKEW
= |t
PLH
– t
PHL
|
t
PHL
V
OH
V
OL
Figure 11. Receiver Propagation Delay
02603-012
3V
0V
1.5V1.5V
V
OH
V
OL
O/P LOW
O/P HIGH
t
LZ
t
ZL
t
HZ
t
ZH
V
OH
–0.5V
V
OL
+0.5V
1.5V
1.5V
RO
RO
RE
0V
Figure 12. Receiver Enable/Disable Timing
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 9 of 16
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
35
30
25
20
10
15
0
5
0 0.500.25 1.000.75 1.50 1.751.25 2.00
02603-013
Figure 13. Output Current vs. Receiver Output Low Voltage
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
0
–5
–10
–20
–15
–30
–25
3.50 3.75 4.254.00 4.50 4.75 5.00
02603-014
Figure 14. Output Current vs. Receiver Output High Voltage
TEMPERATURE (°C)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
4.75
4.70
4.60
4.65
4.50
4.55
–50 –25 50250 75 100 125
02603-015
Figure 15. Receiver Output High Voltage vs. Temperature
(I = 8 mA)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
0.50
0.45
0.25
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.15
0.20
–50 –25 50250 75 100 125
02603-016
Figure 16. Receiver Output Low Voltage vs. Temperature
(I = 8 mA)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
80
70
20
60
50
30
40
–10
0
10
0 0.5 2.52.01.51.0 3.53.0 4.0 4.5
02603-017
Figure 17. Output Current vs. Driver Differential Output Voltage
TEMPERATURE (°C)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
3.00
2.95
2.75
2.90
2.80
2.85
2.60
2.65
2.70
–50 250–25 7550 100 125
02603-018
Figure 18. Driver Differential Output Voltage vs. Temperature
(RLDIFF = 53.6 Ω)
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 10 of 16
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
90
70
30
60
40
50
0
10
20
0 1.51.00.5 2.52.0 3.53.0 4.0
02603-019
Figure 19. Output Current vs. Driver Output Low Voltage
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
0
–10
–50
–20
–40
–30
–80
–70
–60
0 1.51.00.5 3.02.52.0 4.54.03.5 5.0
02603-020
Figure 20. Output Current vs. Driver Output High Voltage
TEMPERATURE (°C)
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
1.30
1.25
1.00
1.20
1.05
1.10
1.15
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
–50 –25 250 1007550 125
02603-021
DRIVER ENABLED
DRIVER DISABLED
Figure 21. Supply Current vs. Temperature
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TIME (ns)
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.2
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
–50 –25 250 1007550 125
02603-022
Figure 22. Receiver Skew vs. Temperature
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TIME (ns)
5.0
4.5
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
–75 –50 250–25 1251007550 150
02603-023
|TPLHA–TPLHB|
|TPHLA–TPHLB|
CROSSPOINT A, B
Figure 23. Driver Skew vs. Temperature
TEMPERATURE (
°
C)
PWD
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
–75 –50 250–25 1251007550 150
02603-024
|T
PLH
–T
PHL
|
Figure 24. Tx Pulse Width Distortion
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 11 of 16
02603-025
CH2CH1 1.00V1.00VM4.00ns CH1 1.72V
B
A
1, 2
Figure 25. Unloaded Driver Differential Outputs
02603-026
CH2CH1 500mV500mVM4.00ns CH1 1.72V
B
A
1, 2
Figure 26. Loaded Driver Differential Output
(RLDiff = 54 Ω, CL1 = CL2 = 100 pF)
02603-027
CH2CH1 1.00V1.00VM10.0ns CH1 1.72V
B
RO
DI
A
CH4CH3 2.00V5.00V
1, 2
4
3
Figure 27. Driver/Receiver Propagation Delays Low to High
(RLDIFF = 54 Ω, CL1 = CL2 = 100 pF)
02603-028
CH2CH1 1.00V1.00VM10.0ns CH1 1.72V
B
RO
DI
A
CH4CH3 2.00V5.00V
1, 2
4
3
Figure 28. Driver/Receiver Propagation Delays High to Low
(RLDiff = 54 Ω, CL1 = CL2 = 100 pF)
02603-029
CH2CH1 1.00V1.00VM10.0ns CH1 3.40V
B
A
1, 2
Figure 29. Unloaded Driver Outputs at 15 Mbps
02603-030
CH2CH1 1.00V1.00VM4.00ns CH1 3.40V
B
A
1, 2
Figure 30. Unloaded Driver Outputs at 30 Mbps
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 12 of 16
02603-031
CH2CH1 1.00V1.00VM4.00ns CH1 3.40V
B
A
1, 2
Figure 31. Loaded Driver Outputs at 15 Mbps
(RLDIFF = 54 Ω, CL1 = CL2 = 100 pF)
02603-032
CH2CH1 1.00V1.00VM4.00ns CH1 3.50V
1, 2
A
B
Figure 32. Loaded Driver Outputs at 30 Mbps
(RLDIFF = 54 Ω, CL1 = CL2 = 100 pF)
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 13 of 16
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
DIFFERENTIAL DATA TRANSMISSION
Differential data transmission is used to reliably transmit data at
high rates over long distances and through noisy environments.
Differential transmission nullifies the effects of ground shifts
and noise signals that appear as common-mode voltages on the
line. There are two main standards approved by the Electronics
Industries Association (EIA) that specify the electrical char-
acteristics of transceivers used in differential data transmission.
The RS-422 standard specifies data rates up to 10 MBaud and
line lengths up to 4,000 feet. A single driver can drive a trans-
mission line with up to 10 receivers.
In order to address true multipoint communications, the RS-485
standard was defined. This standard meets or exceeds all of the
requirements of RS-422, and it allows up to 32 drivers and
32 receivers to connect to a single bus. An extended common-
mode range of −7 V to +12 V is defined. The most significant
difference between the RS-422 and the RS-485 is that the drivers
with RS-485 can be disabled, allowing more than one driver to
be connected to a single line; in fact, 32 drivers can be
connected to a single line. Only one driver should be enabled at
a time, but the RS-485 standard contains additional specifica-
tions to guarantee device safety in the event of line contention.
CABLE AND DATA RATE
Twisted pair is the transmission line of choice for RS-485
communications. Twisted pair cable tends to cancel common-
mode noise and causes cancellation of the magnetic fields
generated by the current flowing through each wire, thereby
reducing the effective inductance of the pair.
The ADM1486 is designed for bidirectional data com-
munications on multipoint transmission lines. A typical
application showing a multipoint transmission network is
shown in Figure 33.
An RS-485 transmission line can have as many as 32 trans-
ceivers on the bus. Only one driver can transmit at a time, but
multiple receivers may be enabled simultaneously.
As with any transmission line, it is important to minimize
reflections. This can be achieved by terminating the extreme
ends of the line using resistors equal to the characteristic
impedance of the line. Stub lengths of the main line should also
be kept as short as possible. A properly terminated transmission
line appears purely resistive to the driver.
THERMAL SHUTDOWN
The ADM1486 contains thermal shutdown circuitry that pro-
tects the part from excessive power dissipation during fault
conditions. Shorting the driver outputs to a low impedance
source can result in high driver currents. Thermal sensing
circuitry detects the increase in die temperature and disables
the driver outputs. Thermal sensing circuitry is designed to
disable the driver outputs when a die temperature reaches
150°C. As the device cools, the drivers are re-enabled at 140°C.
PROPAGATION DELAY
The ADM1486 features very low propagation delay, ensuring
maximum baud rate operation. The well-balanced driver
ensures distortion-free transmission.
Another important specification is a measure of the skew
between the complementary outputs. Excessive skew impairs
the noise immunity of the system and increases the amount of
electromagnetic interference (EMI).
RECEIVER OPEN-CIRCUIT FAIL-SAFE
The receiver input includes a fail-safe feature that guarantees a
logic high on the receiver when the inputs are open circuit
or floating.
RT RT
D
R
DD
RR
D
R
02603-033
Figure 33. Typical RS-485 Network
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 14 of 16
Table 7. Comparison of RS-422, RS-485, and PROFIBUS Interface Standards
Specification RS-422 RS-485 PROFIBUS
Transmission Type Differential Differential Differential
Maximum Cable Length 4,000 ft. 4,000 ft.
Minimum Driver Output Voltage ±2 V ±1.5 V ±2.1 V
Driver Load Impedance 100 Ω 54 Ω 54 Ω
Receiver Input Resistance 4 kΩ min 12 kΩ min 20 kΩ min
Receiver Input Sensitivity ±200 mV ±200 mV ±200 mV
Receiver Input Voltage Range −7 V to +7 V −7 V to +12 V −7 V to +12 V
No. of Drivers/Receivers per Line 1/10 32/32 50/50
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 15 of 16
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
0.25 (0.0098)
0.17 (0.0067)
1.27 (0.0500)
0.40 (0.0157)
0.50 (0.0196)
0.25 (0.0099)× 45°
1.75 (0.0688)
1.35 (0.0532)
SEATING
PLANE
0.25 (0.0098)
0.10 (0.0040)
41
85
5.00 (0.1968)
4.80 (0.1890)
4.00 (0.1574)
3.80 (0.1497)
1.27 (0.0500)
BSC
6.20 (0.2440)
5.80 (0.2284)
0.51 (0.0201)
0.31 (0.0122)
COPLANARITY
0.10
CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS; INCH DIMENSIONS
(IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS FOR
REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-012AA
Figure 34. 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC]
Narrow Body
(R-8)
Dimensions shown in millimeters and (inches)
ORDERING GUIDE
Model Temperature Range Package Description Package Option
ADM1486AR −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead Narrow Body (SOIC) R-8
ADM1486AR-REEL −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead Narrow Body (SOIC) R-8
ADM1486AR-REEL7 −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead Narrow Body (SOIC) R-8
ADM1486ARZ1−40°C to +85°C 8-Lead Narrow Body (SOIC) R-8
ADM1486ARZ-REEL1 −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead Narrow Body (SOIC) R-8
ADM1486ARZ-REEL71 −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead Narrow Body (SOIC) R-8
1 Z = Pb-free part.
ADM1486
Rev. A | Page 16 of 16
NOTES
© 2005 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
C02603-0-3/05(A)